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He was the son and primary aide to Usman dan Fodio , the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate and the first caliph. Muhammad Bello was born on 3 November His father, Usman dan Fodio , was an Islamic preacher and scholar. His mother, Hauwa, was the daughter of a Fulani Islamic scholar and a friend of his father. This likely due to his attachment to his father, who Bello always accompanied everywhere he went from a very young age later becoming Usman's wazir.

He was from a Torodbe family who are partly Arabs and partly Fulani as stated by Abdullahi dan Fodio , brother of Usman dan Fodio who claimed that their family are part Fulani, and part Arabs, they claimed to descent from the Arabs through Uqba , but Bello added that he was not sure if it was Uqba ibn Nafi , Uqba ibn Yasir or Uqba ibn Amir.

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Prior to the beginning of the Jihad the category Fulani was not important for the Torankawa Torodbe , their literature reveals the ambivalence they had defining Torodbe-Fulani relationships. They adopted the language of the Fulbe and much ethos while maintaining a separate identity. However, they spoke the Fula language , married into Fulbe families, and became the Fulbe scholarly caste.

Muhammed Bello was born to the fourth wife of Usman dan Fodio , known as Hauwa or Inna Garka, in [ 10 ] Similar to all his siblings, he was involved in studies directed by his father in Degel until the family and some followers were exiled in In , Bello was responsible for the founding of Sokoto which would become the key capital for his father's conquest of Hausa lands in the Fulani War Many of his siblings dedicated significant time to scholastic efforts and became well known in this regard.

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Following the jihad of Usman dan Fodio, the Sokoto Caliphate was one of the largest states in Africa and included large populations of both Fulani and Hausa. Usman dan Fodio tried to largely suppress Hausa systems, including traditional leadership, education, and language. Bello Presided over this Emirates from the city of Wurno close to Sokoto.

Upon the Death of Dan-Fodio, the Caliphate was thrown into disarray when the supporters of Bello encircled and sealed the gates of Sokoto, preventing other notable contenders to the office of Caliph including Bello's uncle Abdullahi Ibn Fodio from entering the city.